HP Caliper : A Framework for Performance Analysis
نویسنده
چکیده
You perform statistical sampling by taking periodic snapshots of a program’s state. Statistical sampling is nonintrusive—unlike binary instrumentation, statistical sampling doesn’t add any lines of code to the application being tested—but the computing community generally regards this technique as imprecise. It imposes low overhead on a program’s runtime performance and can be used for time-critical experiments, but the measurements derived from statistical sampling can contain imprecisions. For example, without special hardware support, a sampled instruction pointer may not be related to the instruction address that caused a particular sampling event.1,2 Dynamic binary instrumentation, on the other hand, lets program instructions be changed on the fly, which can lead to more precise analysis. But because dynamic instrumentation modifies a program’s code—a program’s cache and paging behavior, for example—execution time can slow significantly, even up to four times the normal execution speed. You typically perform dynamic instrumentation at runtime, and you only test those parts of a program that will actually execute. Doing so minimizes the overhead of the instrumentation process itself. Analysis tools based on dynamic instrumentation—see the “Related work” sidebar for information about other tools and systems—require no special executable preparation. HP Caliper, a framework for building dynamic instrumentation tools, lets you change program instructions on the fly with instrumentation probes. Caliper integrates performance measurement unit (PMU) sampling with dynamic instrumentation. This article describes Caliper’s architecture, its public interfaces, and its dynamic instrumentation algorithm. While Caliper will eventually run on several different platforms, this article specifically describes Caliper’s implementation on HP-UX powered by the IA-64 Itanium processor. The IA-64’s instruction set architecture (ISA) offers a set of architectural features designed to create synergy between compiler and processor.2 Caliper’s architecture takes advantage of these features. HP Caliper offers a
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